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Small bench centrifuges:<\/strong> Also known as benchtop centrifuges, this type collects small amounts of material such as yeast cells and erythrocytes. Small bench centrifuges have a maximum relative centrifugal area of 3,000 to 7,000 times the force of gravity, known as the gravitational force or g-force (g). Compared to other options, these are relatively low speeds. These are a general purpose centrifuge and are among the most affordable options available today.<\/p>\nLarge-capacity refrigerated centrifuges:<\/strong> Large-capacity refrigerated centrifuges have a cooled rotor chamber. It is possible to change the rotor chambers to fit another dimension. They pick up items that settle quickly, such as small bench models, and at a maximum speed of 6,500 g.<\/p>\nHigh-speed refrigerated centrifuges:<\/strong> High-speed centrifuges are very similar to large-capacity models, except that they can reach a maximum speed of about 60,000 g. These models can collect larger cellular debris, microorganisms, and proteins precipitated by ammonium sulfate. Refrigerated models may also have a cooled rotor chamber.<\/p>\nUltra centrifuges:<\/strong> Ultra centrifuges are optimized to spin at very high speeds, which can reach 1,000,000 g (9,800 kilometers per second or 6,089 miles per second). Such centrifuges are classified as preparative or analytical.<\/p>\nPrep ultracentrifuges:<\/strong> Prep ultracentrifuges reach approx. 600,000 g. They are used to determine the shape and mass of macromolecules, to separate lipoprotein molecules from plasma, and for a variety of other tasks. Preparatory ultracentrifuges have refrigerated, sealed and evacuated chambers.<\/p>\nAnalytical ultracentrifuges:<\/strong> With an analytical ultracentrifuge, three optical systems can be selected: Light absorption system, Schlieren system and Rayleigh interferometric system. The Schlieren and Rayleigh systems are used to detect changes in the refractive index of the solution, while a light absorption system detects the changes through ultraviolet light absorption. These models operate at approximately 500,000 g.<\/p>\n
\n<\/span>Four Basic Safety Precautions to Take When Working with a Centrifuge<\/span><\/h2>\n
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1) Provide a firm, flat work surface. Always make sure the centrifuge is on a suitable surface before operating.<\/p>\n
2) Balance the centrifuge. Operating an unstable centrifuge can cause significant damage and injure the operator and other laboratory personnel. The total mass of each tube should be as close as possible. This becomes increasingly important at very high rotor speeds. It is recommended to balance the masses to the nearest 0.1 gram and it is important to balance the tubes by mass, not volume. For example, do not balance a sample consisting of an equal volume of water with a liquid with a higher or lower density than water.<\/p>\n
3) Do not open the cover while the rotor is in motion. Many centrifuges have a “safety shutdown”. However, this will only shut off power to the rotor and the rotor will continue to rotate due to its own inertia for a while until it stops due to friction.<\/p>\n
4) If the centrifuge is shaking, unplug it. A little vibration is normal, but excessive amounts can mean danger. First, double check that the tubes are properly balanced. If this does not solve the problem, do not start the centrifuge until it has been serviced by the manufacturer or dealer.<\/p>\n
\n<\/span>How to balance a centrifuge? Why do you need to balance a centrifuge?<\/span><\/h2>\n
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Before starting the centrifuge, it must be loaded correctly. Balancing the centrifuge prevents possible damage to the instrument and is essential for safe operation. Make sure all sample tubes are filled evenly. If additional tubes are required for equilibration, fill them with water or a liquid of similar density to the sample and ensure that the mass equilibrates to the nearest 0.1 gram. For each tube placed in the rotor, add an equal weight tube opposite it. This will ensure that the center of gravity remains at the center of the rotor. Rotate the rotor 90\u00b0 and add two additional tubes directly opposite each other.<\/p>\n
\n<\/span>How to maintain a centrifuge?<\/span><\/h2>\nA few simple steps can keep a centrifuge working properly and reduce the risk of damage and malfunction.<\/p>\n
\n- Keep the centrifuge properly lubricated. O-rings are the main source of protection against sample leakage and should be lubricated before installing a new rotor or after cleaning. Threaded components should also be cleaned regularly and lubricated with an approved grease to ensure smooth operation and prevent cross threading and corrosion.<\/li>\n
- The buckets must be properly seated on their pins, the tubing in the rotor must be balanced, the rotors must be operated within the specified guidelines for the specified speed and maximum bulkhead mass, and to avoid scratching the rotor. It should also be noted that all users are aware of how to operate the centrifuge properly.<\/li>\n
- Inspect critical components and look for signs of wear, including scratches, or chemical effects on the rotor.<\/li>\n
- Pay close attention to noise, vibration, shaking or squeaking and stop the unit immediately if this occurs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n<\/span>Centrifuge Cleaning<\/span><\/h2>\nClean the centrifuge regularly with neutral cleaning solutions (alcohol or alcohol-based disinfectant) applied to the rotors and accessories with a soft cloth. Daily cleaning should include the inside of the centrifuge, the rotor chamber, and surfaces with electronic components such as touchscreens and keypads. It is important to be aware of the different types of samples used with the centrifuge and any specific products required to clean up spills.<\/p>\n
\n<\/span>7 Essential Questions to Ask When Buying a Centrifuge<\/span><\/h2>\n1) What sample volumes do you work with? For processes with large or variable volumes, a floor-standing model with higher capacity and different rotor configurations may be the best solution.<\/p>\n
2) What speed and g-force is required for your application? What is the maximum g-force the centrifuge can produce? Low speed centrifuges are ideal for separating whole cells, while ultracentrifuges are required to separate DNA and RNA.<\/p>\n
3) How much laboratory space is available? Many different sizes of floor and countertop models are available.<\/p>\n
4) Will you work with temperature sensitive samples? Is cooling and temperature control necessary? If so, a centrifuge with cooling and temperature control options is required.<\/p>\n
5) What rotors are available and how easy are they to replace?<\/p>\n
6) Does the unit have additional safety features such as mechanisms to prevent accessories from exceeding maximum speeds or unbalance detection?<\/p>\n
7) Will the centrifuge be used for processing clinical or blood banking samples? Cell washers or clinical models are available for these specific applications.<\/p>\n
\n<\/span>Sustainable Centrifuges: Greener, Affordable, Cost-Effective and Enhanced Performance<\/span><\/h2>\n
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As sustainable laboratory equipment becomes more commonplace in the life sciences, the idea that sustainability only comes at the expense of performance is changing. In fact, the opposite is often true. Sustainable solutions provide many additional benefits, such as increased efficiency, which often equates to lowering costs. Regarding centrifuge equipment, manufacturers work closely with laboratories to understand the requirements in terms of both performance and sustainability. This partnership has led to huge leaps in innovation in recent years.<\/p>\n
Optimizing Centrifuges for Sustainability and Performance<\/h3>\n
Performance is at the heart of every innovation, and next-generation centrifuges combine advanced technology, innovative materials and smart design to deliver high performance as well as exceptional efficiency and energy savings, some of which are more than 70 percent.
\nGreener operation: This is perhaps the simplest of the sustainability features on the market, but one of the most effective. Energy-efficient operating modes automatically detect when a centrifuge is idle and put it into sleep mode. This feature significantly reduces energy use, with some models seeing a reduction of over 60 percent.<\/p>\n
Innovative rotor design:<\/strong> As the main moving part of the centrifuge, the rotor has the greatest energy requirement. At speeds up to 30,000 RPM on some super-fast models, friction can increase energy demand. New generation centrifuges with wind shielded rotors provide a more efficient airflow and reduce energy requirements. Innovative rotor materials are also more energy efficient.<\/p>\nCarbon fiber rotors are lighter than their aluminum or titanium counterparts, providing faster acceleration and deceleration rates and shorter run times for cost and time savings. Carbon fiber also has a longer lifespan than metal, as it is more resistant to damage by chemicals, which increases uptime and reduces waste. Combined with the fact that many carbon fiber rotors are repairable, thus increasing their lifespan, the sustainability benefits are even greater.<\/p>\n
Minimal friction:<\/strong> Due to centrifugal rotors rotating at such high speeds, they are particularly susceptible to energy inefficiencies caused by friction. Some centrifuges now have vacuum features that remove up to 80 percent of the air surrounding the rotors and significantly reduce the amount of energy required to rotate samples and power the centrifuge. For maximum effectiveness, the vacuum should be adjusted according to the rotor and speed settings, as well as to meet the requirements of super speed programs.<\/p>\nAutomatic door opening with efficient cooling systems: Centrifuges are carefully controlled to maintain optimum temperatures that protect samples and centrifuge technology. This energy is wasted when the doors are opened and the cooling systems continue to operate. Some centrifuges now offer cooling system auto shut-off features to prevent energy loss when the door is open, as well as more efficient cooling systems that further increase sustainability and cost savings.<\/p>\n
Increased capacity:<\/strong> When the above sustainability features are combined with larger centrifuge capacity, even greater efficiencies in terms of time, cost and energy can be realized. Larger capacity units can run more samples in a single cycle and fewer cycles need to be completed. In busy laboratories where hundreds of samples can be processed per day, fewer cycles in a short time makes a huge difference in operating costs.<\/p>\nIn any case, centrifuge innovation is focused on providing higher performance. But with added sustainability benefits, these innovations have resulted in increased efficiency, reduced waste and lower costs. Sustainability really benefits performance, and the two can work synergistically for reinforced rewards.<\/p>\n
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